Modified Triazine Functional Compounds

ABSTRACT

The present invention is directed towards phosphorous containing flame retarding materials including a triazine moiety and an electrolyte for electrochemical cells containing the same.

CROSS REFERENCE

This application claims the benefit of the filing date of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/533,270, filed Jul. 17, 2017, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

FIELD

This disclosure is directed towards phosphorous containing flame retarding materials including a triazine moiety, an electrolyte containing the materials, and electrical energy storage device containing the electrolyte.

BACKGROUND

Recent progress in synthesis and electrochemical analysis of room temperature ionic liquids (ILs) has established the promise of this unique class of materials as electrolytes for next-generation lithium-ion batteries. ILs are organic salts having melting points below 100° C. and generally consist of a bulky cation and an inorganic anion. The large cation size allows for delocalization and screening of charges, resulting in a reduction in the lattice energy and thereby the melting point or glass transition temperature. ILs have unique physicochemical properties, such as negligible vapor pressure, non-flammability, good room-temperature ionic conductivity, a wide electrochemical window, and favorable chemical and thermal stability. These properties are desirable for providing IL-based electrolytes for lithium batteries.

However, there are still safety challenges such as flammability of lithium-ion batteries under abuse conditions or even normal conditions. U.S. Pat. No. 8,697,291 to Zhang et al. teaches the use of an electrolyte composition containing a triazine-based additive, but mentions no use of an ionic liquid. Therefore, there is a need to incorporate a novel ionic liquid with flame retardant capabilities into lithium ion batteries.

SUMMARY

The present disclosure is directed towards phosphorous containing flame retarding materials including a triazine moiety and an electrolyte for electrochemical cells containing the same.

In accordance with one aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided an electrolyte for use in an electrical storage device, the electrolyte includes an aprotic organic solvent, an alkali metal salt, an additive and an ionic liquid compound that contains at least one triazine moiety.

In accordance with another aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided an electrolyte in an electrical energy storage device, the electrolyte includes an aprotic organic solvent, an alkali metal salt, an additive and a phosphorous containing flame retarding material including a triazine moiety, wherein the organic solvent is open-chain or cyclic carbonates, carboxylic acid esters, nitrites, ethers, sulfones, sulfoxides, ketones, lactones, dioxolanes, glymes, crown ethers, siloxanes, phosphoric acid esters, phosphates, phosphites, mono- or polyphosphazenes or mixtures thereof.

In accordance with another aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided an electrolyte in an electrical energy storage device, the electrolyte includes an aprotic organic solvent, an alkali metal salt, an additive and a phosphorous containing flame retarding material including a triazine moiety, wherein the cation of the alkali metal salt is lithium, sodium, aluminum or magnesium.

In accordance with another aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided an electrolyte in an electrical energy storage device, the electrolyte including an aprotic organic solvent, an alkali metal salt, an additive and a phosphorous containing flame retarding material including a triazine moiety, wherein the additive contains sulfur-containing compounds, phosphorus-containing compounds, boron-containing compounds, silicon-containing compounds, compounds containing at least one unsaturated carbon-carbon bond, carboxylic acid anhydrides or mixtures thereof.

These and other aspects of the present disclosure will become apparent upon a review of the following detailed description and the claims appended thereto.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The FIGURE is a room temperature cycle life comparison between a Comparative Example 0 electrolyte and an electrolyte including a modified triazine compound (Example 1).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present disclosure is directed towards an ionic liquid compound including at least one cation and at least one anion, wherein the at least one cation is covalently bonded to at least one triazine moiety.

In an embodiment, an electrical energy storage device electrolyte includes a) an aprotic organic solvent system; b) an alkali metal salt; c) an additive; and d) a phosphorous containing flame retarding material including a triazine moiety.

In an embodiment, modified flame retarding materials include a triazine moiety according to the formulas:

wherein:

R is a phenyl ring with at least one of the hydrogen atoms on the ring substituted with a halogen, alkyl, alkoxy, silyl, amide, sulfoxide group, perfluorinated alkyl, silane, sulfoxide, azo, ether or thioether groups or combination thereof;

Q is an alkenyl, alkylsiloxy, silyl, thioether, sulfoxide, azo, amino or silane group; and

X is (a) a linker, comprising a C₁-C₈ alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, ester, carbonyl, phenyl, thioether, sulfoxide, azo or aryl group, wherein any of the carbon or hydrogen atoms therein are optionally further substituted with a halide; (b) O, S, N, or C; or (c) O, S, N, or C attached to the linker.

In an embodiment, the modified flame retardant material is present in an amount from about 0.01 wt. % to about 50 wt. % of the electrolyte.

In an embodiment, the electrolyte includes a lithium salt. A variety of lithium salts may be used, including, for example, Li[CF₃CO₂]; Li[C₂F₅CO₂]; Li[ClO₄]; Li[BF₄]; Li[AsF₆]; Li[PF₆]; Li[PF₂(C₂O₄)₂]; Li[PF₄C₂O₄]; Li[CF₃SO₃]; Li[N(CP₃SO₂)₂]; Li[C(CF₃SO₂)₃]; Li[N(SO₂C₂F₅)₂]; lithium alkyl fluorophosphates; Li[B(C₂O₄)₂]; Li[BF₂C₂O₄]; Li₂[B₁₂Z_(12−j)H_(j)]; Li₂[B₁₀X_(10−j′)H_(j′)]; or a mixture of any two or more thereof, wherein Z is independent at each occurrence a halogen, j is an integer from 0 to 12 and j′ is an integer from 1 to 10.

In some applications of the present electrolyte, such as a formulation for a lithium ion battery, aprotic solvents are combined with the present phosphorous containing flame retarding materials including a triazine moiety to decrease the viscosity and increase the conductivity of the electrolyte. The most appropriate aprotic solvents lack exchangeable protons, including cyclic carbonic acid esters, linear carbonic acid esters, phosphoric acid esters, oligoether substituted siloxanes/silanes, cyclic ethers, chain ethers, lactone compounds, chain esters, nitrile compounds, amide compounds, sulfone compounds, siloxanes, phosphoric acid esters, phosphates, phosphites, mono- or polyphosphazenes and the like. These solvents may be used singly, or at least two of them in admixture. Examples of aprotic solvents or carriers for forming the electrolyte systems include but are not limited to dimethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, methyl propyl carbonate, ethyl propyl carbonate, dipropyl carbonate, bis(trifluoroethyl) carbonate, bis(pentafluoropropyl) carbonate, trifluoroethyl methyl carbonate, pentafluoroethyl methyl carbonate, heptafluoropropyl methyl carbonate, perfluorobutyl methyl carbonate, trifluoroethyl ethyl carbonate, pentafluoroethyl ethyl carbonate, heptafluoropropyl ethyl carbonate, perfluorobutyl ethyl carbonate, etc., fluorinated oligomers, methyl propionate, ethyl propionate, butyl propionate, dimethoxyethane, triglyme, dimethylvinylene carbonate, tetraethyleneglycol, dimethyl ether, polyethylene glycols, triphenyl phosphate, tributyl phosphate, hexafluorocyclotriphosphazene, 2-Ethoxy-2,4,4,6,6-pentafluoro-1,3,5,2-5,4-5,6-5 triazatriphosphinine, triphenyl phosphite, sulfolane, dimethyl sulfoxide, ethyl methyl sulfone, ethylvinyl sulfone, allyl methyl sulfone, divinyl sulfone, fluorophenylmethyl sulfone and gamma-butyrolactone.

In an embodiment, the electrolytes further include an additive to protect the electrodes from degradation. Thus, electrolytes of the present technology may include an additive that is reduced or polymerized on the surface of a negative electrode to form a passivation film on the surface of the negative electrode. Likewise, electrolytes can include an additive that can be oxidized or polymerized on the surface of the positive electrode to form a passivation film on the surface of the positive electrode. Furthermore, electrolyte may encompass additives acting as scavenging agents for water, acids, and undesirable metal ions. In an embodiment, electrolytes of the present technology further include mixtures of the three types of additives.

In an embodiment, an additive is a substituted or unsubstituted linear, branched or cyclic hydrocarbon including at least one oxygen atom and at least one aryl, alkenyl or alkynyl group. The passivating film formed from such additives may also be formed from a substituted aryl compound or a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl compound where the additive includes at least one oxygen atom.

Representative additives include glyoxal bis(diallyl acetal), tetra(ethylene glycol) divinyl ether, 1,3,5-triallyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione, 1,3,5,7-tetravinyl-1,3,5,7-tetramethylcyclotetrasiloxane, 2,4,6-triallyloxy-1,3,5-triazine, 1,3,5-triacryloylhexahydro-1,3,5-triazine, 1,2-divinyl furoate, 1,3-butadiene carbonate, 1-vinylazetidin-2-one, 1-vinylaziridin-2-one, 1-vinylpiperidin-2-one, 1 vinylpyrrolidin-2-one, 2,4-divinyl-1,3-dioxane, 2-amino-3-vinylcyclohexanone, 2-amino-3-vinylcyclopropanone, 2 amino-4-vinylcyclobutanone, 2-amino-5-vinylcyclopentanone, 2-aryloxy-cyclopropanone, 2-vinyl-[1,2]oxazetidine, 2 vinylaminocyclohexanol, 2-vinylaminocyclopropanone, 2-vinyloxetane, 2-vinyloxy-cyclopropanone, 3-(N-vinylamino)cyclohexanone, 3,5-divinyl furoate, 3-vinylazetidin-2-one, 3 vinylaziridin-2-one, 3-vinylcyclobutanone, 3-vinylcyclopentanone, 3-vinyloxaziridine, 3-vinyloxetane, 3-vinylpyrrolidin-2-one, 2-vinyl-1,3-dioxolane, acrolein diethyl acetal, acrolein dimethyl acetal, 4,4-divinyl-3-dioxolan-2-one, 4-vinyltetrahydropyran, 5-vinylpiperidin-3-one, allylglycidyl ether, butadiene monoxide, butyl-vinyl-ether, dihydropyran-3-one, divinyl butyl carbonate, divinyl carbonate, divinyl crotonate, divinyl ether, divinyl ethylene carbonate, divinyl ethylene silicate, divinyl ethylene sulfate, divinyl ethylene sulfite, divinyl methoxypyrazine, divinyl methylphosphate, divinyl propylene carbonate, ethyl phosphate, methoxy-o-terphenyl, methyl phosphate, oxetan-2-yl-vinylamine, oxiranylvinylamine, vinyl carbonate, vinyl crotonate, vinyl cyclopentanone, vinyl ethyl-2-furoate, vinyl ethylene carbonate, vinyl ethylene silicate, vinyl ethylene sulfate, vinyl ethylene sulfite, vinyl methacrylate, vinyl phosphate, vinyl-2-furoate, vinylcylopropanone, vinylethylene oxide, β-vinyl-γ-butyrolactone or a mixture of any two or more thereof. In some embodiments, the additive may be a cyclotriphosphazene that is substituted with F, alkyloxy, alkenyloxy, aryloxy, methoxy, allyloxy groups or combinations thereof. For example, the additive may be a (divinyl)-(methoxy)(trifluoro)cyclotriphosphazene, (trivinyl)(difluoro)(methoxy)cyclotriphosphazene, (vinyl)(methoxy)(tetrafluoro)cyclotriphosphazene, (aryloxy)(tetrafluoro)(methoxy)cyclotriphosphazene or (diaryloxy)(trifluoro)(methoxy)cyclotriphosphazene compounds or a mixture of two or more such compounds. In some embodiments, the additive is vinyl ethylene carbonate, vinyl carbonate, or 1,2-diphenyl ether, or a mixture of any two or more such compounds.

Other representative additives include compounds with phenyl, naphthyl, anthracenyl, pyrrolyl, oxazolyl, furanyl, indolyl, carbazolyl, imidazolyl, thiophenyl, fluorinated carbonates, sultone, sulfide, anhydride, silane, siloxy, phosphate or phosphite groups. For example, additives may be phenyl trifluoromethyl sulfide, fluoroethylene carbonate, 1,3,2-dioxathiolane 2,2-dioxide, 1-propene 1,3-sultone, 1,3-propanesultone, 1,3-dioxolan-2-one, 4-[(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)methyl], 1,3-dioxolan-2-one, 4-[[2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(trifluoromethyl)ethoxy]methyl]-, methyl 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl carbonate, nonafluorohexyltriethoxysilane, octamethyltrisiloxane, methyltris(trimethylsiloxy)silane, tetrakis(trimethylsiloxy)silane, (tridecafluoro-1,1,2,2-tetrahydrooctyl)triethoxysilane, tris(1H.1H-heptafluorobutyl)phosphate, 3,3,3-trifluoropropyltris(3,3,3-trifluoropropyldimethylsiloxy)silane, (3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)trimethoxysilane, trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate, tris(trimethylsilyl) borate, tripropyl phosphate, bis(trimethylsilylmethyl)benzylamine, phenyltris(trimethylsiloxy)silane, 1,3-bis(trifluoropropyl)tetramethyldisiloxane, triphenyl phosphate, tris(trimethylsilyl)phosphate, tris(1H.1H,5H-octafluoropentyl)phosphate, triphenyl phosphite, trilauryl trithiophosphite, tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphite, tri-p-tolyl phosphite, tris(2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropyl)phosphate, succinic anhydride, 1,5,2,4-dioxadithiane 2,2,4,4-tetraoxide, tripropyl trithiophosphate, aryloxpyrrole, aryloxy ethylene sulfate, aryloxy pyrazine, aryloxy-carbazole trivinylphosphate, aryloxy-ethyl-2-furoate, aryloxy-o-terphenyl, aryloxy-pyridazine, butyl-aryloxy-ether, divinyl diphenyl ether, (tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)-vinylamine, divinyl methoxybipyridine, methoxy-4-vinylbiphenyl, vinyl methoxy carbazole, vinyl methoxy piperidine, vinyl methoxypyrazine, vinyl methyl carbonate-allylanisole, vinyl pyridazine, 1-divinylimidazole, 3-vinyltetrahydrofuran, divinyl furan, divinyl methoxy furan, divinylpyrazine, vinyl methoxy imidazole, vinylmethoxy pyrrole, vinyl-tetrahydrofuran, 2,4-divinyl isooxazole, 3,4 divinyl-1-methyl pyrrole, aryloxyoxetane, aryloxy-phenyl carbonate, aryloxy-piperidine, aryloxy-tetrahydrofuran, 2-aryl-cyclopropanone, 2-diaryloxy-furoate, 4-allylanisole, aryloxy-carbazole, aryloxy-2-furoate, aryloxy-crotonate, aryloxy-cyclobutane, aryloxy-cyclopentanone, aryloxy-cyclopropanone, aryloxy-cycolophosphazene, aryloxy-ethylene silicate, aryloxy-ethylene sulfate, aryloxy-ethylene sulfite, aryloxy-imidazole, aryloxy-methacrylate, aryloxy-phosphate, aryloxy-pyrrole, aryloxyquinoline, diaryloxycyclotriphosphazene, diaryloxy ethylene carbonate, diaryloxy furan, diaryloxy methyl phosphate, diaryloxy-butyl carbonate, diaryloxy-crotonate, diaryloxy-diphenyl ether, diaryloxy-ethyl silicate, diaryloxy-ethylene silicate, diaryloxy-ethylene sulfate, diaryloxyethylene sulfite, diaryloxy-phenyl carbonate, diaryloxy-propylene carbonate, diphenyl carbonate, diphenyl diaryloxy silicate, diphenyl divinyl silicate, diphenyl ether, diphenyl silicate, divinyl methoxydiphenyl ether, divinyl phenyl carbonate, methoxycarbazole, or 2,4-dimethyl-6-hydroxy-pyrimidine, vinyl methoxyquinoline, pyridazine, vinyl pyridazine, quinoline, vinyl quinoline, pyridine, vinyl pyridine, indole, vinyl indole, triethanolamine, 1,3-dimethyl butadiene, butadiene, vinyl ethylene carbonate, vinyl carbonate, imidazole, vinyl imidazole, piperidine, vinyl piperidine, pyrimidine, vinyl pyrimidine, pyrazine, vinyl pyrazine, isoquinoline, vinyl isoquinoline, quinoxaline, vinyl quinoxaline, biphenyl, 1,2-diphenyl ether, 1,2-diphenylethane, o terphenyl, N-methyl pyrrole, naphthalene or a mixture of any two or more such compounds.

In an embodiment, the electrolyte of the present technology includes an aprotic gel polymer carrier/solvent. Suitable gel polymer carrier/solvents include polyethers, polyethylene oxides, polyimides, polyphosphazines, polyacrylonitriles, polysiloxanes, polyether grafted polysiloxanes, derivatives of the foregoing, copolymers of the foregoing, cross-linked and network structures of the foregoing, blends of the foregoing and the like, to which is added a suitable ionic electrolyte salt. Other gel-polymer carrier/solvents include those prepared from polymer matrices derived from polypropylene oxides, polysiloxanes, sulfonated polyimides, perfluorinated membranes (Nafion resins), divinyl polyethylene glycols, polyethylene glycol-bis-(methyl acrylates), polyethylene glycol-bis(methyl methacrylates), derivatives of the foregoing, copolymers of the foregoing and cross-linked and network structures of the foregoing.

The electrolytic solution containing the salt are high in electrical conductivity and solubility in organic solvents and are suitable for use as an electrolytic solution for electrochemical devices. Examples of electrochemical devices are electric double-layer capacitor, secondary batteries, solar cells of the pigment sensitizer type, electrochromic devices and condensers, and this list is not limitative. Especially suitable as electrochemical devices are electric double-layer capacitor and secondary batteries, such as a lithium ion battery.

In yet another aspect, an electrochemical device is provided that includes a cathode, an anode and an electrolyte including a modified ionic liquid containing triazine as described herein. In an embodiment, the electrochemical device is a lithium secondary battery. In an embodiment, the secondary battery is a lithium battery, a lithium-ion battery, a lithium-sulfur battery, a lithium-air battery, a sodium ion battery or a magnesium battery. In an embodiment, the electrochemical device is an electrochemical cell, such as a capacitor. In an embodiment, the capacitor is an asymmetric capacitor or supercapacitor. In an embodiment, the electrochemical cell is a primary cell. In an embodiment, the primary cell is a lithium/MnO₂ battery or Li/poly(carbon monofluoride) battery. In an embodiment, the electrochemical cell is a solar cell.

Suitable cathodes include those such as, but not limited to, a lithium metal oxide, spinel, olivine, carbon-coated olivine, LiFePO₄, LiCoO₂, LiNiO₂, LiNi_(1x)Co_(y)Met_(z)O₂, LiMn_(0.5)Ni_(0.5)O₂, LiMn_(0.3)Co_(0.3)Ni_(0.3)O₂, LiMn₂O₄, LiFeO₂, Li_(1+x′)Ni_(α)Mn_(β)Co_(γ)Met′_(δ)O_(2−z)F_(z′), A_(n′)B₂(XO₄)₃ (NASICON), vanadium oxide, lithium peroxide, sulfur, polysulfide, a lithium carbon monofluoride (also known as LiCFx) or mixtures of any two or more thereof, where Met is Al, Mg, Ti, B, Ga, Si, Mn or Co; Met′ is Mg, Zn, Al, Ga, B, Zr or Ti; A is Li, Ag, Cu, Na, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu or Zn; B is Ti, V, Cr, Fe or Zr; X is P, S, Si, W or Mo; and wherein 0≤x≤0.3, 0≤y≤0.5, 0≤z≤0.5, 0≤x′≤0.4, 0≤α≤1, 0≤β≤1, 0≤γ≤1, 0≤δ≤0.4, 0≤z′≤0.4 and 0≤h′≤3. According to some embodiments, the spinel is a spinel manganese oxide with the formula of Li_(1+x)Mn_(2-z)Met′″_(y)O_(4−m)X′_(n), wherein Met′″ is Al, Mg, Ti, B, Ga, Si, Ni or Co; X′ is S or F; and wherein 0≤x≤0.3, 0≤y≤0.5, 0≤z≤0.5, 0≤m≤0.5 and 0≤n≤0.5. In an embodiment, the olivine has a formula of Li_(1+x)Fe_(1z)Met″_(y)PO_(4−m)X′_(n), wherein Met″ is Al, Mg, Ti, B, Ga, Si, Ni, Mn or Co; X′ is S or F; and wherein 0≤x≤0.3, 0 0≤y≤0.5, 0≤z≤0.5, 0≤m≤0.5 and 0≤n≤0.5.

Suitable anodes include those such as lithium metal, graphitic materials, amorphous carbon, Li₄Ti₅O₁₂, tin alloys, silicon alloys, intermetallic compounds or mixtures of any two or more such materials. Suitable graphitic materials include natural graphite, artificial graphite, graphitized meso-carbon microbeads (MCMB) and graphite fibers, as well as any amorphous carbon materials. In some embodiments, the anode and cathode are separated from each other by a porous separator.

The separator for the lithium battery often is a microporous polymer film. Examples of polymers for forming films include: nylon, cellulose, nitrocellulose, polysulfone, polyacrylonitrile, polyvinylidene fluoride, polypropylene, polyethylene, polybutene, or co-polymers or blends of any two or more such polymers. In some instances, the separator is an electron beam-treated micro-porous polyolefin separator. The electron treatment can improve the deformation temperature of the separator and can accordingly enhance the high temperature performance of the separator. Additionally, or alternatively, the separator can be a shut-down separator. The shut-down separator can have a trigger temperature above about 130° C. to permit the electrochemical cells to operate at temperatures up to about 130° C.

The disclosure will be further illustrated with reference to the following specific examples. It is understood that these examples are given by way of illustration and are not meant to limit the disclosure or the claims to follow.

Example 1 Synthesis of 4-fluorophenyl-dimethoxytriazine

To a 20 mL vial equipped with a magnetic stirring bar, was dissolved 4-fluorophenol in DCM (10 mL). Triethylamine was added by pipet and the mixture stirred for 10 min.

While stirring at RT, 2-Chloro-4,6-dimethoxy-1,3,5-triazine was partially dissolved in DCM (5 mL) and added. No temperature increase was observed. The mixture was heated at 44° C. for 1 h. The mixture slowly became colorless and turned cloudy and a white solid ppt (triethylamine-HCl) quickly formed. The mixture slowly returned to RT and stirred for 1 h.

DI water (2×20 mL) was added and the organic phase was extracted into DCM (10 mL), separated, dried over MgSO4 and the solvent stripped by rotary evaporation. Yield: colorless oil, 2.4 g (99%).

H¹ NMR: (CDCl3) δ ppm 7.14 (m, 2H), 7.10 (t, 2H), 4.00 (s, 6H).

F¹⁹ NMR: (CDCl3) δ ppm −116.73 (s). Unreacted fluorophenol present.

The oil crystallized upon standing to a white solid and was slurried in reagent alcohol and collected by vacuum filtration. Yield: white solid, 1.1 g (50%). H¹ NMR: (CDCl3) δ ppm 7.14 (m, 2H), 7.08 (t, 2H), 4.00 (s, 6H). F¹⁹ NMR: (CDCl3) δ ppm −116.74 (s).

Example 2 Synthesis of Tris(4-fluorophenyl)cyanurate

Reagent MW Equiv Mol Mass (g) Density Volume (mL) Conc Yield (calc) 4-fluorophenol 112.10 1.00 0.009 1.0 #DIV/0! cyanuric chloride 184.41 0.33 0.003 0.54 #DIV/0! DCM 5.1 1.326 3.9 30% triethylamine 101.19 1.00 0.009 0.9 0.726 1.2 (4-fluorophenyl)3-cyanurate 411.21 1.00 1.2 triethylamine-HCl 137.65 1.00 0.009 1.2

To a 20 mL vial equipped with a magnetic stirring bar, was dissolved 4-fluorophenol in DCM (10 mL). Triethylamine was added by pipet and the mixture stirred for 10 min.

While stirring at RT, a solution of cyanuric chloride in DCM (5 mL) was added slowly by pipet. A mild exotherm was observed and the mixture quickly turned cloudy and a white solid ppt (triethylamine-HCl) formed. The yellow mixture slowly returned to RT and stirred for 1 h.

DI water (20 mL) was added and the organic phase was extracted into DCM (20 mL), separated, dried over MgSO4 and the solvent stripped by rotary evaporation. Yield: yellow solid, 1.2 g (99%).

The solid was slurried in reagent alcohol and collected by vacuum filtration. Yield: white solid, 0.4 g (33%). The filtrate retained the yellow color and was stripped to oil by rotary evaporation.

H¹ NMR: (CDCl3) δ ppm 7.08 (m, 2H), 7.04 (t, 2H). F¹⁹ NMR: (CDCl3) δ ppm −116.23 (s).

Example 3

Electrolyte formulations were prepared in a dry argon filled glovebox by combining all the electrolyte components in a vial and stirring for 24 hours to ensure complete dissolution of the salts. The triazine-modified ionic liquid compound is included as an additive with a base electrolyte formulation comprising a 3:7 by weight mixture of ethylene carbonate, “EC”, and ethyl methyl carbonate, “EMC”, with 1 M lithium hexafluorophosphate, “LiPF6”, dissolved therein.

The electrolyte formulations prepared are summarized in Table A.

TABLE A Electrolyte formulations. Reagent MW Equiv Mol Mass (g) Density Volume (mL) Conc Yield (calc) 4-fluorophenol 110.10 1.00 0.009 1.0 #DIV/0! 2-Chloro-4,6-dimethoxy-1,3,5-triazine 175.57 1.00 0.009 1.59 #DIV/0! DCM 5.2 1.326 3.9 50% triethylamine 101.19 1.00 0.009 0.9 0.726 1.3 4-fluorophenyl-4,6-dimethoxy-1,3,5-triazine 249.17 1.00 2.3 triethylamine-HCl 137.65 1.00 0.009 1.3

¶ ¶ ¶ Examples¤ Solvent•base¤ Additive•(1•wt %)¤ Comparative• 1•M•Li•PF₆; NONE¤ Example•0¤ •EC:EMC; •3:7••w/w¤ 1¤ 1•M•Li•PF₆; •EC:EMC; •3:7••w/w¤ 4-fluorophenyl- dimethoxytriazine•¤  

Example 4

The electrolyte formulations prepared are used as the electrolyte in 200 mAh 403520 Li-ion polymer pouch cells comprising Lithium NMC622 cathode active material and graphite as the anode active material. Each electrolyte is filled in three cells. In each cell 0.9 ml of electrolyte formulation is added and allowed to soak in the cell for 1 hour prior to vacuum sealing and testing. The cells were then charged to 4.4 V and discharged to 3.0 V at a C/10 rate for formation and then by 1C discharge and charge rate cycling at room temperature. The results of this cycling test are summarized in the FIGURE. In the FIGURE, it is shown that Electrolyte 1 demonstrates better capacity retention over cycle life than Comparative Example 0 electrolyte.

Although various embodiments have been depicted and described in detail herein, it will be apparent to those skilled in the relevant art that various modifications, additions, substitutions, and the like can be made without departing from the spirit of the disclosure and these are therefore considered to be within the scope of the disclosure as defined in the claims which follow. 

What is claimed:
 1. An electrical energy storage device electrolyte comprising: a) an aprotic organic solvent system; b) an alkali metal salt; c) an additive; and d) a modified compound comprising a triazine moiety according to the following formulas

wherein: R is a phenyl ring with at least one of the hydrogen atoms on the ring is substituted with a halogen, alkyl, alkoxy, silyl, amide, or sulfoxide, perfluorinated alkyl, silane, sulfoxide, azo, amide, ether or thioether groups or combination thereof; Q is an alkenyl, alkylsiloxy, silyl, thioether, sulfoxide, azo, amino or silane group; and X is (a) a linker, comprising a C₁-C₈ alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, ester, carbonyl, phenyl, thioether, sulfoxide, azo or aryl group, wherein any of the carbon or hydrogen atoms therein are optionally further substituted with a halide; (b) O, S, N, or C; or (c) O, S, N, or C attached to the linker.
 2. The electrolyte of claim 1, wherein the aprotic organic solvent comprises an open-chain or cyclic carbonate, carboxylic acid ester, nitrite, ether, sulfone, ketone, lactone, dioxolane, glyme, crown ether, siloxane, phosphoric acid ester, phosphite, mono- or polyphosphazene or mixtures thereof.
 3. The electrolyte of claim 1, wherein the cation of the alkali metal salt comprises lithium, sodium, aluminum or magnesium.
 4. The electrolyte of claim 1, wherein the additive comprises a sulfur-containing compound, phosphorus-containing compound, boron-containing compound, silicon-containing compound, fluorine-containing compound, nitrogen-containing compound, compound containing at least one unsaturated carbon-carbon bond, carboxylic acid anhydride or the mixtures thereof.
 5. The electrolyte of claim 1, wherein the additive comprises a concentration in the electrolyte of from about 0.1 wt. % to about 5 wt. %.
 6. The electrolyte of claim 1, further comprising an ionic liquid.
 7. The electrolyte of claim 6, wherein the ionic liquid comprises an organic cation comprising N-alkyl-N-alkyl-pyrrolidinium, N-alkyl-N-alkyl-pyridinium, N-alkyl-N-alkyl-sulfonium, N-alkyl-N-alkyl-ammonium, or N-alkyl-N-alkyl-piperidinium.
 8. The electrolyte of claim 6, wherein the ionic liquid comprises an anion comprising tetrafluoroborate, hexafluorophosphate, bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, bis(pentafluoroethylsulfonyl)imide, or trifluoroacetate.
 9. An electrical energy storage device comprising: a cathode; an anode; and an electrolyte according to claim
 1. 10. The device of claim 9, wherein the cathode comprises a lithium metal oxide, spinel, olivine, carbon-coated olivine, LiFePO₄, LiCoO₂, LiNiO₂, LiNi_(1x)Co_(y)Met_(z)O₂, LiMn_(0.5)Ni_(0.5)O₂, LiMn_(0.3)Co_(0.3)Ni_(0.3)O₂, LiMn₂O₄, LiFeO₂, Li_(1+x′)Ni_(α)Mn_(β)Co_(γ)Met′_(δ)O_(2−z′)F_(z′), A_(n′)B₂(XO₄)₃ (NASICON), vanadium oxide, lithium peroxide, sulfur, polysulfide, a lithium carbon monofluoride or mixtures of any two or more thereof, where Met is Al, Mg, Ti, B, Ga, Si, Mn or Co; Met′ is Mg, Zn, Al, Ga, B, Zr or Ti; A is Li, Ag, Cu, Na, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu or Zn; B is Ti, V, Cr, Fe or Zr; X is P, S, Si, W or Mo; and wherein 0≤x≤0.3, 0≤y≤0.5, 0≤z≤0.5, 0≤x′≤0.4, 0≤α≤1, 0≤β≤1, 0≤γ≤1, 0≤δ≤0.4, 0≤z′≤0.4 and 0≤h′≤3.
 11. The device of claim 9, wherein the anode comprises lithium metal, graphitic material, amorphous carbon, Li₄Ti₅O₁₂, tin alloy, silicon alloy, intermetallic compound or mixtures thereof.
 12. The device of claim 9, wherein the device comprises a lithium battery, lithium-ion battery, lithium-sulfur battery, lithium-air battery, sodium ion battery, magnesium battery, electrochemical cell, capacitor, lithium/MnO₂ battery, Li/poly(carbon monofluoride) battery, or solar cell.
 13. The device of claim 9, further comprising a porous separator separating the anode and cathode from each other.
 14. The device of claim 13, wherein the porous separator comprises an electron beam-treated micro-porous polyolefin separator or a microporous polymer film comprising nylon, cellulose, nitrocellulose, polysulfone, polyacrylonitrile, polyvinylidene fluoride, polypropylene, polyethylene, polybutene, or co-polymers or blends of any two or more such polymers.
 15. The device of claim 9, wherein the aprotic organic solvent comprises an open-chain or cyclic carbonate, carboxylic acid ester, nitrite, ether, sulfone, ketone, lactone, dioxolane, glyme, crown ether, siloxane, phosphoric acid ester, phosphite, mono- or polyphosphazene or mixtures thereof.
 16. The device of claim 9, wherein the cation of the alkali metal salt comprises lithium, sodium, aluminum or magnesium.
 17. The device of claim 9, wherein the additive comprises a sulfur-containing compound, phosphorus-containing compound, boron-containing compound, silicon-containing compound, fluorine-containing compound, nitrogen-containing compound, compound containing at least one unsaturated carbon-carbon bond, carboxylic acid anhydride or the mixtures thereof.
 18. The device of claim 9, further comprising an ionic liquid.
 19. The device of claim 18, wherein the ionic liquid comprises an organic cation comprising N-alkyl-N-alkyl-pyrrolidinium, N-alkyl-N-alkyl-pyridinium, N-alkyl-N-alkyl-sulfonium, N-alkyl-N-alkyl-ammonium, or N-alkyl-N-alkyl-piperidinium.
 20. The device of claim 18, wherein the ionic liquid comprises an anion comprising tetrafluoroborate, hexafluorophosphate, bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, bis(pentafluoroethylsulfonyl)imide, or trifluoroacetate. 